What Are Market-Linked Notes?
Market-linked notes are structured debt securities issued by major banks whose returns are tied to the performance of an underlying reference asset—such as a stock index, individual equity, commodity, or currency—rather than a fixed interest rate. They are typically sold by broker-dealers and financial advisors to retail investors seeking higher yields than traditional bonds or CDs can provide.
Each note combines a bond component with an embedded derivative, usually an option, that determines the investor’s payout at maturity. The bond component funds the note’s structure, while the derivative links returns to the reference asset’s price movement. Common variants include buffered notes, barrier notes, enhanced return notes, leveraged notes, digital notes, and trigger notes—each with different levels of downside exposure and upside participation.
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What Investors Need to Know About the Risks, Losses, and Legal Options
Business development companies, commonly known as BDCs, are a type of closed-end investment fund that lends money to small and mid-sized private businesses. They were created by Congress in 1980 to channel capital to growing American companies, and they have been marketed aggressively to individual investors as high-yield income investments. With advertised dividend yields often ranging from 8% to 13%, BDCs can appear attractive to investors seeking steady income in retirement or as an alternative to traditional bonds.
But BDCs are not bonds. They are complex, high-risk, leveraged credit vehicles that expose investors to below-investment-grade borrower defaults, severe illiquidity, opaque valuations, and fee structures that heavily favor fund managers over shareholders. Many investors have suffered devastating losses in BDC products—including those offered by Prospect Capital and FS Investments (formerly Fifth Street Finance)—after being told these products were “safe” or “like bonds.”
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If a financial advisor or broker sold you a variable annuity — especially inside an IRA or other retirement account — you may have paid far more than you realized. Variable annuities routinely carry total annual costs of 2.5% to 3.5% or more, distributed across multiple fee layers that are rarely explained at the point of sale. On a $500,000 account, that fee drag can cost you hundreds of thousands of dollars over a 20-year retirement — money that compounds in the insurance company's pocket rather than yours.
Worse, for retirees who hold a variable annuity inside an IRA, the product's primary selling point — tax-deferred growth — is entirely redundant. The IRA already provides that benefit. The SEC has stated this plainly. FINRA has warned brokers about it for decades. And yet the unsuitable sales continue, because the commissions are too large and the oversight too inconsistent.
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